1. Overview
The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum (中山陵), completed in 1929, is the resting place of Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), the revolutionary leader who overthrew China’s last imperial dynasty. Nestled on Purple Mountain (Zijin Shan) in Nanjing, the mausoleum spans 80,000 sqm and is a masterpiece of Sino-Western architecture, designed by Lü Yanzhi, a Cornell-educated architect.
2. Architectural Significance
- Design Concept: The mausoleum’s "Liberty Bell" shape symbolizes Sun’s call for revolution and freedom. Its central axis (700m long, 70m elevation) aligns with traditional imperial tombs but incorporates modern materials like reinforced concrete.
- Key Structures:
- Memorial Archway: Inscribed with Sun’s calligraphy "Bo Ai" (Universal Love).
- 392 Steps: Representing China’s 390 million people at the time and Sun’s Three Principles (Nationalism, Democracy, Livelihood). Optical illusions hide platforms when ascending (symbolizing struggle) and reveal them when descending (symbolizing achievement).
- Sacrificial Hall: Houses a marble statue of Sun by French sculptor Paul Landowski, flanked by his "Founding Principles" inscriptions. The blue-glazed tile roof replaces traditional imperial yellow, reflecting Sun’s democratic ideals.
- Tomb Chamber: Contains Sun’s sarcophagus beneath a reclining statue, sealed under 5m of concrete for preservation.
3. Historical Context
- Construction: Built between 1926–1931, funded by public donations (¥4 million). Despite wartime damage, it was restored post-1949 and declared a National Protected Site in 1961.
- Global Recognition: Added to China’s World Heritage Tentative List (2024) for its fusion of Eastern aesthetics and Western engineering.
4. Cultural and Political Role
- Symbolism: The mausoleum bridges imperial China’s past and its republican future. Sun’s "Three Principles" are engraved throughout, emphasizing his vision for a modern China.
- Tourism: Hosts 10+ million visitors annually, including dignitaries and overseas Chinese. The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Day (March 12) features ceremonies and cultural events.
5. Visitor Tips
- Best Time: Spring (cherry blossoms) or autumn (clear views). Arrive early to avoid crowds.
- Access: ¥0 entry (sacrificial hall ¥30). Metro Line 2 to Xiamafang Station, then shuttle bus.
- Nearby Attractions: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Purple Mountain Observatory, and Linggu Temple.
